In her compelling short story "The Enemy," Pearl S. Buck 

explores the moral dilemma that Japanese surgeon Dr. Sadao Hoki faced during World War II. In the midst of conflict, Dr. Hoki grapples with the tension between his professional duty as a healer and his loyalty to his country. When an injured American soldier is discovered near his home, he faces a critical decision: to honour his duty as a doctor and save a life or adhere to nationalistic expectations and turn the soldier in.

These thought-provoking narratives challenge conventional ideas of loyalty and patriotism, shedding light on the universal themes of compassion, empathy, and the humanizing power of adversity. As the story unfolds, readers are prompted to reflect on the choices individuals make when confronted with moral dilemmas and to consider the transformative impact of compassion in transcending boundaries and prejudices.

Join us in exploring "The Enemy," a literary masterpiece that reminds us of the enduring importance of kindness and understanding even in the face of enmity and conflict.

The Enemy, the story in short

"The Enemy" is a short story set in wartime Japan, following the life of Dr. Sadao Hoki, a renowned surgeon and scientist. When a wounded American prisoner of war washes up on the Japanese coast close to their home, Sadao and his wife Hana face a moral and ethical conundrum.

Sadao's father had instilled in him a strong sense of responsibility for his country and the advancement of Japan as a young boy. He had received an education in America, becoming a skilled surgeon. In the midst of war, Sadao chooses to stay in Japan to continue his research on a groundbreaking medical discovery rather than serve on the front lines.

One day, a severely wounded American prisoner, whose name is later revealed as Tom, washes ashore near Sadao and Hana's home. The couple grapples with the decision of what to do with the enemy soldier. They face a conflict between their duty to their country, their sense of humanity, and their medical expertise. Turning him over to the authorities could result in his execution, while keeping him hidden poses significant risks to their safety and reputation.

After much contemplation and despite their societal expectations, Sadao and Hana decide to care for the wounded man, nursing him back to health secretly. Sadao performs a successful surgery to remove a bullet and tend to his injuries. Throughout this time, they grapple with their conflicted feelings toward the prisoner, the war, and the consequences of their actions.

As the situation escalates with growing scrutiny from the servants and the need for a delicate balance between duty and compassion, the story highlights the internal struggle of the characters and the complexities of war, morality, and human nature.

The narrative ends with the imminent threat of discovery and Sadao's internal turmoil about the prisoner's fate, leaving the reader to ponder the consequences of the choices made by the characters.

In the story, Sadao is faced with a moral dilemma after saving the life of an American prisoner of war who washes ashore near his home in Japan during World War II. Sadao, a highly skilled and compassionate Japanese surgeon, decides to hide and care for the injured American in his home, despite the risks involved.

The General, who is also Sadao's superior, suggests that the American should be quietly killed to eliminate the risk and maintain secrecy. He offers to send assassins to take care of it, ensuring that Sadao remains uninvolved. Sadao initially agrees, but when the time comes to carry out the plan, he finds himself unable to do it.

As the days pass, the American begins to recover, and Sadao realizes that he can no longer ignore the situation. He makes the decision to aid the American's escape by giving him a boat and supplies to take to a nearby uninhabited island until a passing Korean fishing boat can rescue him.

The story highlights the internal conflict within Sadao, torn between his loyalty to his country and his sense of humanity and compassion. He ultimately chooses to prioritize compassion over blind obedience, showing that humanity and understanding can bridge the gaps between nations and cultures.

Write a critical summary of the story The Enemy by Pearl S. Buck.

"The Enemy" by Pearl S. Buck is a poignant story set in wartime Japan, exploring themes of duty, humanity, and the conflict between national loyalty and personal ethics. Dr. Sadao Hoki, a skilled Japanese surgeon, finds himself torn between his allegiance to his country and his moral duty as a doctor when he discovers a wounded American soldier washed ashore. Initially conflicted, he decides to secretly treat the young soldier, putting his medical expertise and compassion above the wartime hostility.

As Dr. Sadao nurses the American back to health in the confines of his home, he grapples with the dilemma of what to do with the enemy. He contemplates following the orders of the General, who expects him to dispose of the soldier discreetly. However, as he witnesses the soldier's resilience and the gratitude the young man expresses for his care, Sadao begins questioning his allegiance to his country's military regime.

The climax comes when the General falls critically ill, requiring a life-saving surgery performed by Sadao. The doctor prioritizes his duty as a healer over his loyalty to the General and risks his position to save a life. In the end, Sadao makes the courageous decision to aid the American soldier's escape, embracing his humanity and choosing compassion and mercy over blind nationalism.

Pearl S. Buck's "The Enemy" serves as a powerful allegory, illustrating the universal struggle between nationalistic fervour and the intrinsic sense of humanity that transcends borders. It prompts readers to reflect on the moral obligations of individuals, especially those in positions of power, and challenges the rigid prejudices shaped by war and nationalism. Ultimately, the story advocates for empathy, understanding, and the inherent goodness that can emerge from acts of compassion, even in the face of adversity.

Reading with Insight

1. There are moments in life when we have to make hard choices between our roles as private individuals and as citizens with a sense of national loyalty. Discuss with reference to the story you have just read.

2. Dr Sadao was compelled by his duty as a doctor to help the enemy soldier. What made Hana, his wife, sympathetic to him in the face of open defiance from the domestic staff?

3. How would you explain the reluctance of the soldier to leave the shelter of the doctor’s home even when he knew he couldn’t stay there without risk to the doctor and himself?

4. What explains the attitude of the General in the matter of the enemy soldier? Was it human consideration, lack of national loyalty, dereliction of duty or simply self-absorption?

5. While hatred against a member of the enemy race is justifiable, especially during wartime, what makes a human being rise above narrow prejudices?

6. Do you think the doctor’s final solution to the problem was the best possible one in the circumstances?

7. Does the story remind you of ‘Birth’ by A. J. Cronin that you read in Snapshots last year? What are the similarities?

8. Is there any film you have seen or novel you have read with a similar theme?

Answers:

1. The story raises the theme of the conflict between personal morality and national loyalty. In times of war, Dr. Sadao Hoki's duty as a doctor compels him to assist the injured enemy soldier, which is incompatible with his commitment to Japan as a nation. He has to make a difficult choice between his role as a compassionate individual and his duty to his country.

2. Hana, Dr. Sadao's wife, is sympathetic to him despite the open defiance from the domestic staff because she understands the moral dilemma he faces. She recognizes her husband's commitment to saving lives and the Hippocratic Oath he took as a doctor, which transcends national boundaries. Hana supports him in his decision to help the wounded soldier, reflecting her own compassionate nature.

3. The soldier's reluctance to leave the shelter of the doctor's home can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, he is aware that he owes his life to Dr. Sadao, creating a sense of gratitude and trust. Second, if he departs too soon, he might be concerned about enemy recapture. Lastly, he might have developed a bond with the family, especially with Hana, during his recovery, making it emotionally difficult for him to part ways.

4. The General's attitude toward the enemy soldier is influenced by multiple factors. While he initially promises to have the soldier killed, his later indifference could be due to his own suffering and self-absorption. His primary concern becomes his well-being, and he forgets his promise, displaying a lack of national loyalty and a focus on personal survival.

5. The story highlights that compassion and humanity can transcend narrow prejudices and wartime hatred. Dr. Sadao's decision to help the wounded soldier, despite being the enemy, showcases his ability to rise above narrow nationalistic views and treat the soldier as a fellow human being in need.

6. Dr. Sadao's final solution to help the soldier escape to a nearby island can be seen as the best possible option in the circumstances. It allows the soldier to avoid capture and potential harm while relieving the stress on Dr. Sadao's family and career. It demonstrates a balance between compassion and practicality.

7. "Birth" by A. J. Cronin and this story share similarities in exploring moral dilemmas, the ethical obligations of healthcare professionals, and the conflict between personal morality and societal expectations. Both stories challenge readers to consider the complexities of human relationships and moral choices.

8. Yes, there are other films and novels with similar themes of compassion during wartime and the ethical dilemmas faced by individuals. For example, the film "The English Patient" directed by Anthony Minghella and the novel "The Book Thief" by Markus Zusak also explore the complexities of human compassion and moral choices in the context of war.

Extra Questions:

1. Who is Dr. Sadao Hoki, and what is his profession?

2. Where does Dr. Sadao live, and what is the setting of the story?

3. Describe Dr. Sadao's educational background and expertise.

4. What is Dr. Sadao's groundbreaking medical research about?

5. How does Dr. Sadao's education in America affect his life in Japan?

6. What happens when Dr. Sadao and Hana discover a wounded man washed ashore?

7. What is the condition of the wounded man, and what is his likely identity?

8. What moral dilemma do Dr. Sadao and Hana face regarding the wounded man?

9. How do Dr. Sadao and Hana decide to handle the situation initially?

10. What role does Hana play in assisting Dr. Sadao with the wounded man?

11. What suspicions arise about the wounded man's past based on his scars?

12. How do the servants react to the presence of the American prisoner?

13. How do Sadao and Hana continue caring for the wounded American despite the challenges?

14. What promise does the General make regarding the American prisoner?

15. How does the General's health affect the situation, and what plan do they discuss?

16. What internal conflict does Dr. Sadao experience when preparing for the assassination plan?

17. How does Sadao ultimately help the American prisoner escape?

18. What is the General's reaction when Sadao informs him about the escaped prisoner?

19. How does the story end, and what reflections does Sadao have about his experiences in America?

20. What themes and moral questions are explored throughout the story?

Answers:

1. Dr. Sadao Hoki is a Japanese surgeon and scientist.

2. Dr. Sadao lives in a coastal house in Japan, and the story is set during a time of war.

3. Dr. Sadao received his education in America and is an expert in medicine and surgery.

4. Dr. Sadao's groundbreaking medical research pertains to a new method for wound treatment.

5. Dr. Sadao's education in America sets him apart in Japan but also creates a sense of alienation due to cultural differences.

6. Dr. Sadao and Hana discover a wounded American man washed ashore one foggy day.

7. The wounded man has a gunshot wound on his back and is likely an American sailor, possibly a prisoner of war.

8. Dr. Sadao and Hana face a moral dilemma about whether to help the wounded American or turn him over to authorities, knowing it could endanger their family and Sadao's career.

9. Initially, they decide to care for the wounded man temporarily and later turn him in as a prisoner of war.

10. Hana assists Dr. Sadao by administering anesthesia during the surgery.

11. Suspicions about the wounded man's past arise due to scars on his neck, suggesting possible torture.

12. The servants become uncomfortable with the American prisoner's presence and eventually leave, concerned for the family's safety and reputation.

13. Despite the challenges and risks, Sadao and Hana continue caring for the wounded American.

14. The General promises to have the American prisoner killed.

15. The General's health affects the situation as he cannot afford to lose Sadao's medical skills. They discuss a plan to discreetly eliminate the American.

16. Dr. Sadao experiences internal conflict when preparing for the assassination plan, especially as he sees the American recovering well.

17. Sadao ultimately helps the American prisoner escape by providing him with a boat and instructions to reach a nearby island.

18. The General is unaware of the escape when Sadao informs him and is more concerned about his own well-being.

19. The story ends with Sadao pondering his experiences in America and his inability to kill the American prisoner.

20. The story explores themes of compassion, morality, ethical dilemmas, and the complexities of human relationships during wartime.

Value-Based Questions:

Here are ten value-based questions related to the story "The Enemy" by Pearl S. Buck:

1. Compassion and Humanity:

   • How does Dr. Sadao's display of compassion challenge societal norms and prejudices during a time of war?

   • In what ways does Dr. Sadao demonstrate the value of human life and the importance of treating everyone with empathy and care?

2. Moral Dilemmas:

   • Analyse the ethical dilemma Dr. Sadao faces. What conflicting values and principles does he grapple with, and how does he navigate this moral struggle?

3. Nationalism vs. Humanitarianism:

   • How does the story illustrate the clash between nationalistic loyalties and the universal duty to save lives and exhibit mercy and kindness to others?

4. Integrity and Professional Ethics:

   • Discuss the importance of professional ethics in the medical field as portrayed in the story. How does Dr. Sadao uphold his professional integrity amidst the war and its challenges?

5. Courage and Conviction:

   • Describe instances where Dr. Sadao displays courage, standing by his convictions despite societal pressures. How does this relate to the theme of bravery in the story?

6. Societal Norms and Prejudices:

   • How does the story shed light on the impact of societal norms and prejudices on individual decision-making and actions? What lessons can we draw from this regarding the need to question and challenge such norms?

7. Family and Sacrifice:

   • Explore the sacrifices made by Dr. Sadao and his family for the sake of their values and beliefs. How does the story emphasize the importance of familial support in standing for what is right?

8. Post-War Reconciliation:

   • Reflect on the possibility of reconciliation and understanding between former enemies after the war. How can this story serve as a lesson for post-conflict reconciliation and global peace efforts?

9. Empathy and Understanding:

   • Discuss the role of empathy and understanding in fostering meaningful connections between people from different backgrounds and cultures. How does this resonate with the themes of the story?

10. Tolerance and Open-mindedness:

    • How does the story advocate for tolerance and open-mindedness, encouraging individuals to see beyond prejudices and stereotypes? How can we apply this message to promote tolerance in our own lives and communities?

Answers:

1. Compassion and Humanity:

   • Question: How does Dr. Sadao's display of compassion challenge societal norms and prejudices during a time of war?

   • Answer: Dr. Sadao's compassion challenges societal norms by demonstrating that humanity should not be compromised during conflicts. He treats the enemy soldier because he values human life and believes in compassionate care for all, regardless of nationality.

   • Question: In what ways does Dr. Sadao demonstrate the value of human life and the importance of treating everyone with empathy and care?

   • Answer: Dr. Sadao demonstrates the value of human life by prioritizing the wounded enemy soldier's care, showing that every life has inherent worth. He treats the soldier with empathy and care, highlighting the importance of valuing humanity above all else.

2. Moral Dilemmas:

   • Question: Analyze the ethical dilemma Dr. Sadao faces. What conflicting values and principles does he grapple with, and how does he navigate this moral struggle?

   • Answer: Dr. Sadao grapples with the conflict between his duty as a doctor to save a life and his loyalty to his country. He faces the ethical dilemma of choosing between humanitarianism and patriotism, trying to balance both but ultimately prioritizing saving a life.

3. Nationalism vs. Humanitarianism:

   • Question: How does the story illustrate the clash between nationalistic loyalties and the universal duty to save lives and exhibit mercy and kindness to others?

   • Answer: The story depicts the clash between nationalistic loyalties (loyalty to Japan) and the universal duty to save lives and show mercy. Dr. Sadao's decision to save the enemy soldier illustrates the triumph of humanitarian values over blind nationalism.

4. Integrity and Professional Ethics:

   • Question: Discuss the importance of professional ethics in the medical field as portrayed in the story. How does Dr. Sadao uphold his professional integrity amidst the war and its challenges?

   • Answer: Dr. Sadao upholds professional ethics by prioritizing the welfare of the wounded soldier, showcasing the importance of ethics even in challenging circumstances. He remains true to his medical oath, prioritizing patient care over political or nationalistic influences.

5. Courage and Conviction:

   • Question: Describe instances where Dr. Sadao displays courage, standing by his convictions despite societal pressures. How does this relate to the theme of bravery in the story?

   • Answer: Dr. Sadao displays courage by treating the enemy soldier against societal expectations and risking repercussions. His conviction to uphold his medical principles in the face of adversity showcases true bravery and moral strength.

6. Societal Norms and Prejudices:

   • Question: How does the story shed light on the impact of societal norms and prejudices on individual decision-making and actions? What lessons can we draw from this regarding the need to question and challenge such norms?

   • Answer: The story demonstrates how societal norms and prejudices can hinder rational decision-making and empathy. Dr. Sadao's actions teach us the importance of questioning such norms and promoting a more compassionate and understanding society.

7. Family and Sacrifice:

   • Question: Explore the sacrifices made by Dr. Sadao and his family for the sake of their values and beliefs. How does the story emphasize the importance of familial support in standing for what is right?

   • Answer: Dr. Sadao and his family sacrifice personal safety and well-being for their values of compassion and duty. Their unity and support underscore the significance of family in facing challenges and upholding principles.

8. Post-War Reconciliation:

   • Question: Reflect on the possibility of reconciliation and understanding between former enemies after the war. How can this story serve as a lesson for post-conflict reconciliation and global peace efforts?

   • Answer: The story hints at the possibility of reconciliation by showcasing compassion and understanding towards a former enemy. It serves as a lesson in promoting post-war reconciliation, emphasizing that humanity and compassion can bridge divides and pave the way for peace.

9. Empathy and Understanding:

   • Question: Discuss the role of empathy and understanding in fostering meaningful connections between people from different backgrounds and cultures. How does this resonate with the themes of the story?

   • Answer: Empathy and understanding play a crucial role in breaking barriers and fostering connections. Dr. Sadao's understanding of the soldier's suffering and his empathy towards him transcend cultural differences, illustrating that understanding and compassion can unite people, regardless of their origins.

10. Tolerance and Open-mindedness:

    • Question: How does the story advocate for tolerance and open-mindedness, encouraging individuals to see beyond prejudices and stereotypes? How can we apply this message to promote tolerance in our own lives and communities?

    • Answer: The story advocates for tolerance by challenging prejudices. Dr. Sadao's actions encourage open-mindedness, urging us to look beyond preconceived notions and treat individuals based on their actions and humanity. We can promote tolerance by actively seeking to understand and appreciate diverse perspectives, fostering a more inclusive and compassionate society.