Welcome to our comprehensive guide for Class 12 CBSE English Core Exam 2024! This specially curated web page is designed to help you ace the exam by focusing on mastering both long and short questions.

Why Focus on Long and Short Questions?

Understanding the art of answering both long and short questions is crucial for scoring well in the CBSE Class 12 English Core Exam. While long questions test your in-depth understanding of the text, short questions assess your ability to provide concise and accurate responses.

Key Features of Our Guide:

Detailed Analysis of Long Questions:
- Learn how to dissect and analyse long questions effectively.
- Understand the art of structuring your answers to ensure coherence and clarity.
- Explore sample answers for a variety of long questions from previous years.
Mastering Short Questions:
- Grasp the technique of providing precise yet comprehensive answers to short questions.
- Practice with a range of short questions to enhance your speed and accuracy.
- Get tips on time management to ensure you cover all short questions efficiently.
Subject-Specific Tips:
- Dive deep into subject-specific strategies tailored for English Core.
- Understand the expectations of examiners and how to meet them effectively.
- Explore common pitfalls and how to avoid them in both long and short answers.
Interactive Quizzes and Practice Tests:
- Test your knowledge with interactive quizzes covering various chapters and themes.
- Access simulated practice tests for both long and short questions to evaluate your readiness.
Expert Guidance and Video Tutorials:
- Benefit from expert guidance through video tutorials on answering long and short questions.
- Clarify doubts and gain insights from experienced teachers to boost your confidence.
Exam Day Strategies:
- Receive valuable tips for the exam day, including time management, question prioritization, and stress management.
- Learn how to approach different types of questions strategically.

How to Use This Guide:

Start with a comprehensive review of the long and short question formats.
Dive into our detailed analysis and tips for tackling each type of question.
Engage in interactive quizzes and practice tests to apply your knowledge.
Watch video tutorials for a visual understanding of effective answering strategies.
Take advantage of subject-specific tips to fine-tune your approach for English Core.

Success is a Step Away: Equip yourself with the knowledge and skills needed to excel in the Class 12 CBSE English Core Exam. Our guide is your pathway to mastering long and short questions, ensuring you walk into the exam hall with confidence and emerge with success. Happy studying!

1. Read the given extracts and answer the questions given. (6)

And such too is the grandeur of the dooms

We have imagined for the mighty dead;

All lovely tales that we have heard or read:

An endless fountain of immortal drink,

Pouring unto us from the heaven's brink. (A Thing of Beauty)

(i) Which of the following themes is best represented in the given extract?

(a) The beauty of nature

(b) The power of imagination

(d) The inevitability of death

(ii) State whether the given statement is TRUE or FALSE, with reference to the extract.

By referring to the dead as "mighty", the poet emphasizes their importance and the

power they exerted on the people. (1)

(iii) Complete the sentence appropriately.

The "endless fountain of immortal drink" is an apt analogy for the tales of the

mighty dead because __________________________________ (1)

(iv) The use of the word "brink" in the extract suggests that the immortality that is being poured onto us is on the verge of overflowing. This creates a powerful image of ________________________________________________ (1)

(v) Based on the poem rhyme scheme, evident in lines 2-5, of the given extract, which word would rhyme with line 1?

said think tombs (1)

(vi) Select the option that is NOT true about the lack of punctuation at the end of line 1 in the extract.

(a) Creates a sense of continuity and flow that connects the line with the second line.

(b) Encourages the reader to continue reading seamlessly without any pause.

(d) Encourages a revisit to the ideas in the preceding lines. (1)

…………………………………………….

Answers

(i) The best-represented theme in the given extract is:

(ii) FALSE. The poet emphasizes the importance and power of the mighty dead, but the statement does not explicitly state that the dead exerted power on the people.

(iii) The "endless fountain of immortal drink" is an apt analogy for the tales of the mighty dead because it symbolizes a continuous and everlasting source of inspiration and joy, much like an unending flow of refreshing and invigorating substance.

(iv) The use of the word "brink" in the extract suggests that the immortality being poured onto us is on the verge of overflowing. This creates a powerful image of abundance and the idea that the tales and immortality are at the brink of overwhelming the recipients, almost like a surplus or excess of inspiration.

(v) Based on the poem's rhyme scheme evident in lines 2-5 of the given extract, the word that would rhyme with line 1 is: (c) tomb

(vi) The option that is NOT true about the lack of punctuation at the end of line 1 in the extract is:

(c) Creates a sense of anticipation and expectation for the reader. Punctuation at the end of a line often indicates a pause, so the lack of punctuation creates a sense of continuity and flow, not necessarily anticipation.

2. Read the given extracts and answer the questions given. (6)

... I looked again at her, wan,

pale

as a late winter's moon and felt that

old

familiar ache, my childhood's fear,

but all I said was, see you soon,

Amma,

all I did was smile and smile and

smile ...... (My Mother at Sixty-six)

(i) What is the speaker's emotional state when looking at her mother?

(a) Confused and disoriented

(b) Nostalgic and longing

(d) Fearful and apprehensive (1)

suggest?

(ii) What does the use of the word "but" at the beginning of the line, ' but all I said ..', (1)

(iii) Select the word that WILL NOT complete the sentence appropriately.

The description of the mother as "wan, pale/as a late winter's moon" creates a vivid image of:

(a) vulnerability

(b) sensitivity

(d) mortality (1)

(iv) State whether the given statement is TRUE or FALSE.

The poetic device used in the line, 'pale as a winter's moon' is the same as the one used in the line, 'the winter wind wistfully wailed at night'. (1)

(v) What message do these lines highlight, in the context of familial relationships, and the speaker's sense of anxiety and fear at the prospect of losing her mother? (1)

(vi) Complete the sentence appropriately.

The repetition of the word, 'smile' suggests that _________________ (1)

…………………………………………..

Answers:

(i) The speaker's emotional state when looking at her mother is:

(d) Fearful and apprehensive

(ii) The use of the word "but" at the beginning of the line, 'but all I said...' suggests a contrast or contradiction between the speaker's inner emotions (the ache, childhood fear) and her outward actions (saying goodbye with a smile).

(iii) The word that WILL NOT complete the sentence appropriately is:

(b) sensitivity

(iv) FALSE. The poetic device used in "pale as a late winter's moon" is a simile, comparing the mother's appearance to the paleness of the late winter's moon. The line "the winter wind wistfully wailed at night" uses alliteration and personification, not simile.

(v) The message these lines highlight, in the context of familial relationships and the speaker's sense of anxiety and fear at the prospect of losing her mother, is the emotional conflict and suppression of true feelings. The speaker hides her fear behind a smiling facade.

(vi) The repetition of the word 'smile' suggests that the speaker is putting on a brave or reassuring front, attempting to mask her true emotions and fears about her mother's aging or potential loss.

3. Read the given extracts and answer the questions given. (4)

(A) Climate change is one of the most hotly contested environmental debates of our time. Will the West Antarctic ice sheet melt entirely? Will the Gulf Stream Ocean current be disrupted? Will it be the end of the world as we know it? Maybe. Maybe not. Either way, Antarctica is a crucial element in this debate - not just because it's the only place in the world, which has never sustained a human population and therefore remains relatively 'pristine' in this respect; but more importantly, because it holds in its ice-cores half-million-year-old carbon records trapped in its layers of ice.

(Journey to the End of the Earth)Bottom of Form

(i) How does the absence of a human population in Antarctica make it significant in the climate change debate? (1)

(ii) Why is "climate change" described as a "hotly contested" issue in the extract provided? (1)

This is so, because there _____________________________.

(a) is universal agreement on the causes and implications of climate change

(b) is a planned path ahead about how to address climate change

(d) are minimal reports of fresh threats to climate change

(iii) The analogy of a time machine is an appropriate analogy for the role of carbon records in the study of climate change because ___________________________. (1)

(iv) Give one reason why the writing style of the extract can be called factual and informative. (1)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Answer

(i) How does the absence of a human population in Antarctica make it significant in the climate change debate?

The absence of a human population in Antarctica makes it significant in the climate change debate because it serves as a pristine environment untouched by human activities. This allows scientists to study natural climate processes without the confounding effects of human influence. The region provides a baseline for understanding the impact of climate change on ice sheets, ecosystems, and the environment in its undisturbed state.

(ii) Why is "climate change" described as a "hotly contested" issue in the extract?

This is so because there

Explanation: The extract mentions that climate change is one of the most hotly contested environmental debates of our time, indicating that there are varying opinions and debates regarding the reasons behind climate change and its potential consequences.

(iii) The analogy of a time machine is an appropriate analogy for the role of carbon records in the study of climate change because:

The carbon records in Antarctica, dating back half a million years, act like a time machine by preserving information about past climate conditions. They allow scientists to travel back in time, studying the Earth's historical climate patterns and understanding how the climate has changed over an extensive period. This analogy highlights the valuable insights gained from studying these records in deciphering the Earth's climate history.

(iv) Give one reason why the writing style of the extract can be called factual and informative:

One reason the writing style can be called factual and informative is the inclusion of specific details and data. For instance, the author provides information about the geographic coordinates, travel duration, and the history of the Antarctic continent. This factual information adds credibility to the narrative and enhances the reader's understanding of the journey and its significance.

4. Read the given extracts and answer the questions given. (4)

In other words, the Tiger King is dead.

The manner of his death is a matter of extraordinary interest. It can be revealed

only at the end of the tale. The most fantastic aspect of his demise was that as soon

as he was born, astrologers had foretold that one day the Tiger King would actually

have to die.

"The child will grow up to become the warrior of warriors, hero of heroes, champion

of champions.

But ... " they bit their lips and swallowed hard. When compelled to continue, the

astrologers came out with it. "This is a secret which should not be revealed at all.

And yet we are forced to speak out. The child born under this star will one day have

to meet its death."

(The Tiger King)

Top of Form

(i) Complete the sentence appropriately. (1)

The author's purpose in using foreshadowing, is to ___________________ .

(ii) In the given extract, what emotion were the astrologers feeling when they "bit their lips and swallowed hard"?

(a) Humiliation

(b) Disbelief

(d) Unease (1)

(iii) Which trait are the astrologers lauding when they say "warrior of warriors, hero of heroes, champion of champions"? (1)

(iv) How is the line, "the most fantastic aspect of his demise", an example of contrast? (1)

Answer

(i) Complete the sentence appropriately.

The author's purpose in using foreshadowing is to build anticipation and create suspense, hinting at future events in the narrative.

(ii) In the given extract, what emotion were the astrologers feeling when they "bit their lips and swallowed hard"?

(d) Unease (The astrologers are reluctant to reveal the prophecy about the Tiger King's eventual death, indicating a sense of uneasiness or apprehension.)

(iii) Which trait are the astrologers lauding when they say "warrior of warriors, hero of heroes, champion of champions"?

The astrologers are lauding the trait of bravery or valour in the child, suggesting that he will grow up to be an exceptional and courageous individual.

(iv) How is the line, "the most fantastic aspect of his demise," an example of contrast?

The line is an example of contrast because the term "fantastic" typically implies something extraordinary or wonderful, while "demise" refers to death or the end of someone's life. The juxtaposition of these contrasting terms emphasizes the unexpected or ironic nature of the Tiger King's death.

5. A Imagine that, Edla Willmansson instead of Anees Jung, had the opportunity to interact with Saheb and Mukesh of Lost Spring. How would she react? Why do you say so? 5 marks

Answer

If Edla Willmansson from "The Rattrap" had the opportunity to interact with Saheb and Mukesh from Anees Jung's "Lost Spring," it's likely that she would react with compassion and a desire to help, given her character's demonstrated kindness and empathy in Selma Lagerlöf's story.

Edla Willmansson showed understanding and sympathy toward the man with the rattraps, even after discovering his theft. She offered him hospitality and treated him with dignity, emphasizing the potential for positive change in individuals who have faced hardships.

Applying this compassionate nature to Saheb and Mukesh's situation in "Lost Spring," Edla would likely react with concern and a genuine desire to make a positive impact on their lives. In "Lost Spring," Saheb and other children are ragpickers living in Seemapuri, facing poverty and a lack of educational opportunities. Mukesh is a boy with dreams of education, despite his challenging circumstances.

Edla might offer support by providing resources for education, facilitating access to basic needs, or finding ways to improve their living conditions. Her understanding and willingness to see beyond societal prejudices and stereotypes, as seen in "The Rattrap," would likely lead her to approach Saheb and Mukesh with kindness rather than judgment.

In summary, Edla Willmansson's reaction to Saheb and Mukesh would likely involve empathy, a desire to understand their challenges, and a commitment to making a positive difference in their lives. Her character, as portrayed in "The Rattrap," suggests a genuine and open-hearted approach to those facing difficulties, aligning with the theme of compassion and redemption in Selma Lagerlöf's story.

5. How does the author's choice of the wounded soldier as an American POW, contribute to the complexity of the moral decisions faced by Sadao and Hana, considering the wartime context and national loyalties? (Share any ONE aspect) 5 marks

Answer

The author's choice of a wounded American soldier as a prisoner of war adds a layer of complexity to the moral decisions faced by Sadao and Hana due to the following aspect:

Humanizing the Enemy: By depicting the wounded soldier, named Tom, as a young and vulnerable individual rather than a faceless enemy, the author humanizes the American POW. This humanization challenges the dehumanizing narrative often associated with wartime propaganda. Tom's youth, suffering, and expressions of gratitude create a moral dilemma for Sadao and Hana, forcing them to confront the conflict between their loyalty to their own nation and the universal duty to preserve human life.

In a wartime context where national loyalties are paramount and the enemy is often portrayed as an abstract, malevolent force, Tom's presence challenges the rigid boundaries of nationalistic thinking. Sadao, as a skilled surgeon, is confronted not only with a medical challenge but also with a human one. The young soldier's plight appeals to Sadao's innate sense of compassion, causing internal conflict as he grapples with the tension between his duty as a Japanese citizen and his responsibility as a healer.

This humanization of the enemy complicates the moral decisions faced by Sadao and Hana, as they must navigate the blurred lines between duty to their country and their shared humanity with the wounded soldier. It prompts the characters and readers alike to question the dehumanizing narratives perpetuated during wartime and underscores the universal nature of compassion and ethical considerations, even in the midst of

6. Biseswar Singh is an acclaimed athlete who has recently announced giving up on sports because of successive defeats in international and national events. As his friend, write a letter to him, sharing advice to help him overcome this mental roadblock caused by the fear of losing. Develop your response, based on your understanding of Deep Water, along with the given ideas:

o Identify the reason behind his mental roadblock

o Explain that its common

o Share William Douglas's experience - his resolve- his perseverance- his victory over fear

o Offer advice 5marks

Answer

Dear Biseswar,

I hope this letter finds you in good health and spirits. I recently heard about your decision to step away from sports due to the challenges you've faced in international and national events. I understand that the successive defeats have taken a toll on you, leading to a mental roadblock. As your friend, I wanted to share some thoughts that might help you navigate through this challenging time.

Firstly, it's essential to identify the reasons behind your mental roadblock. Fear of losing is a common struggle that many athletes face, and it can manifest as a significant barrier to success. It's crucial to acknowledge that setbacks and defeats are part of any athlete's journey, including the most accomplished ones.

In this context, I'd like to draw your attention to the experiences of William Douglas, a remarkable individual who faced his own fears. In his essay, "Deep Water," Douglas recounts a traumatic incident from his childhood that instilled a deep fear of water within him. However, through his resolve, perseverance, and commitment, he conquered that fear and eventually became an accomplished swimmer.

William Douglas's story is a powerful example of overcoming adversity. It teaches us that setbacks and fears are not insurmountable obstacles but challenges that can be conquered with determination. His journey from a traumatic near-drowning experience to triumph in the water reflects the strength of the human spirit.

I urge you to consider this example as you navigate your own challenges in sports. It's natural to fear defeat, but it's equally important to recognize that defeat is not a permanent state. Every athlete faces ups and downs, and it's the ability to bounce back from setbacks that defines true champions.

My advice to you is not to see these defeats as the end of your journey but as valuable lessons that can contribute to your growth and success. Take some time for introspection, assess your strengths and weaknesses, and use this period to refine your skills and strategies. Seek guidance from coaches, mentors, and fellow athletes who can provide valuable insights and support.

Remember that your journey is unique, and setbacks are not indicative of your overall potential. Embrace the challenges, learn from them, and channel your experiences into renewed determination. Your passion for sports has brought you this far, and I believe that with resilience and a positive mindset, you can overcome this mental roadblock and continue to achieve great things in your athletic career.

If you ever need someone to talk to or share your thoughts with, I'm here for you. Your journey is not defined by a few defeats but by your ability to rise above them.

Wishing you strength, resilience, and a renewed sense of purpose.

Warm regards,

[Your Name]

7. Imagine that the bully who threw Douglas into the pool reads this chapter and realizes his mistake. As the bully, write a dairy entry penning down your response to Douglas' perseverance and your own feelings of guilt and regret. (Deep Water)

Dear Diary,

Today has been a day like no other. As I sat down to read "Deep Water" by William Douglas, little did I know that I would come face to face with the haunting memory of an incident that has lingered in the depths of my conscience. Reading Douglas's account of that fateful day at the Y.M.C.A. pool brought back a rush of emotions and, dare I say, a wave of regret.

I vividly recall the day I threw Douglas into the deep end of the pool, thinking it was just a prank. I was that "big bruiser" he describes, the older kid looking for some twisted form of amusement. Now, with the clarity of hindsight, I see the gravity of my actions, the impact it had on him, and the fear that still echoes in his words.

Douglas's resilience is nothing short of inspiring. Despite the trauma I caused, he embarked on a journey to conquer his fear of water. His determination, from seeking an instructor to overcoming panic in the pool, reflects a strength I never saw in that scared boy I tossed into the water. It forces me to confront the reality of the pain I inflicted.

I am filled with remorse. How could I have been so thoughtless? To subject someone to such fear, to play with their emotions like that – it's despicable. As I read about his struggle, I can't help but feel a heavy weight on my chest, a weight called guilt. Guilt for robbing him of the joy of swimming, guilt for planting a fear that haunted him for years.

The worst part is realizing that I was "only fooling," as I claimed when I threw him in. But my ignorance back then doesn't absolve me of responsibility. It's painful to acknowledge the role I played in his suffering.

As I close this entry, I'm left with a mix of emotions: regret, guilt, and a desire to somehow make amends. Maybe it's too late to directly apologize to Douglas, but perhaps I can learn from his journey. Maybe I can strive to be better, to think about the consequences of my actions, and to never underestimate the impact a seemingly harmless prank can have on someone's life.

Until next time, Diary.

Sincerely,

The Bully

8. Firozabad presents a strange paradox. Contrast the beauty of the glass bangles of Firozabad with the misery of the people who make them.

Firozabad, known for its vibrant glass bangle industry, indeed presents a paradox where the beauty of the glass bangles sharply contrasts with the misery of the people engaged in their production. This paradox reflects the stark socio-economic conditions prevailing in the lives of the artisans and workers in Firozabad. Here's a contrast between the beauty of the glass bangles and the misery of the people:

Beauty of Glass Bangles:
- Colourful and Intricate Designs: Firozabad is renowned for its glass bangles, which are often vibrant, colourful, and intricately designed. The skilled craftsmanship involved in creating these bangles showcases the artistic talents of the local artisans.
- Cultural Significance: Glass bangles are an integral part of Indian culture, often worn by women as traditional accessories during festivals, weddings, and other special occasions. The beauty of these bangles contributes to the cultural richness and diversity of the region.
Misery of the People:
- Exploitative Working Conditions: The people involved in the glass bangle industry, especially the workers and artisans, often face exploitative working conditions. Long hours, low wages, and lack of workers' rights contribute to their overall misery.
- Health Hazards: The process of making glass bangles involves exposure to hazardous materials, including glass dust and fumes. Many workers suffer from health issues such as respiratory problems and skin ailments due to these unsafe working conditions.
- Generational Poverty: Despite being an integral part of a thriving industry, a significant portion of the population in Firozabad lives in poverty. The meagre wages earned by the workers are often insufficient to break the cycle of generational poverty, affecting not only the current generation but also their children.
Child Labor Issues:
- Involvement of Children: The glass bangle industry in Firozabad has, at times, faced criticism for employing child labour. Children, instead of receiving education and enjoying their childhood, find themselves working in hazardous conditions, perpetuating a cycle of poverty and illiteracy.
- Denial of Educational Opportunities: Many children working in this industry are denied the opportunity to receive formal education, limiting their chances of escaping the cycle of poverty and acquiring better livelihoods in the future.
Lack of Social Security and Rights:
- Absence of Social Security Measures: Workers often lack access to social security measures, making them vulnerable to economic uncertainties and health crises. The absence of a safety net further intensifies the misery of the people working in Firozabad's glass bangle industry.
- Limited Workers' Rights: The lack of strong workers' unions or advocacy groups often results in the denial of basic rights, making it challenging for labourers to voice their concerns or demand better working conditions.

In summary, the paradox of Firozabad lies in the coexistence of the aesthetic beauty of glass bangles with the harsh realities of the people involved in their production. The contrast emphasizes the need for better working conditions, fair pay, and social reforms to make sure that the beauty these artisans produce does not come at the expense of their wellbeing and dignity.

9. A grown up Zitkala-Sa, reflects on the incident about cutting of her long hair and wonders if she could have tried something else to prevent the incident. As the grown-up Zitkala-Sa, create a diary entry, expressing these thoughts and conclude by absolving yourself of any blame. (Memories of Childhood)

You may begin like this:

I find myself reflecting on an event that happened many years ago ...

"Absolving" is a term that refers to the act of formally declaring someone free from guilt, blame, or responsibility for a wrongdoing or mistake. When someone absolves themselves or receives absolution from another person, it means that they are no longer responsible for any wrongdoing or unfavorable outcomes resulting from a particular action or circumstance. It is often linked to forgiveness and the removal of any lingering sense of guilt or wrongdoing.

Answer

Dear Diary,

I find myself reflecting on an event that happened many years ago, an incident etched deeply in the recesses of my memory—the cutting of my long hair. As I ponder over the past, I can't help but wonder if there was anything more, I could have done to prevent that irreversible act, to assert my identity and resist the assimilation forced upon me.

In those tumultuous moments of my youth, I felt the weight of tradition and the clash of two worlds—the one I was born into and the one that sought to mould me into its image. The decision to sever [cut off] my long, flowing locks was not mine, and yet, as an adult looking back, I grapple with a sense of responsibility, a nagging question of whether I could have resisted more vehemently.

I recall the whispers of rebellion that echoed in my heart, the fervent desire to preserve the cultural significance of my hair, a symbol of my identity and heritage. The fear and anguish I felt during that ordeal are still palpable [visible], and the haunting question persists—could I have done more?

As I revisit that pivotal moment, I acknowledge the constraints, the power dynamics, and the overwhelming force of assimilation. The realization dawns that, as a young girl thrust into an unfamiliar environment, my agency [action or intervention producing a particular effect.] was curtailed, my options limited. The struggle for autonomy was daunting, and the prevailing circumstances dictated the course of that fateful day.

Therefore, dear diary, I absolve myself of any blame. In the face of formidable challenges and an imposing system, I survived. The cutting of my long hair, though a symbolic loss, did not define me. Instead, it became a poignant reminder of the resilience that dwelled within, a strength that would shape the woman I am today.

In this retrospective contemplation, I release the burden of guilt and acknowledge that the past is a complex tapestry of circumstances and choices. I emerge from this reflection with a sense of understanding, compassion for my younger self, and a renewed commitment to preserving the narratives that make us who we are.

Until the next contemplation,

Zitkala-Sa

10. Analyse the internal conflict faced by Dr. Sadao Hoki in "The Enemy." How does his struggle between personal ethics and national loyalty reflect his competency to navigate complex moral decisions? Provide examples from the text to support your answer.

Answer

Dr. Sadao Hoki's internal conflict in "The Enemy" revolves around the tension between his personal ethics, particularly his commitment to preserving human life, and his national loyalty to Japan during wartime. This struggle reflects Sadao's competency to navigate complex moral decisions, showcasing the intricacies of his character. Here are key aspects of his internal conflict:

Conflict between Compassion and National Allegiance: Sadao's competency is evident in his internal struggle between his professional duty as a healer and his allegiance to Japan. The idea of preserving life motivates him as a highly skilled surgeon. When faced with the wounded American soldier, Tom, he feels a moral obligation to save him despite Tom being an enemy. This conflict is reflected in Sadao's thoughts: "It is not hidden that you are here." Here, Sadao recognizes the societal consequences of harbouring an enemy, but his commitment to the value of life takes precedence.
Sadao's Justification for Saving Tom: Sadao's internal conflict is further demonstrated when he justifies saving Tom's life to Hana. He explains that as a doctor, he cannot let a man die if he can help it. This justification emphasizes Sadao's personal and professional ethics overriding the dictates of wartime propaganda or blind allegiance to national identity. His competency lies in his ability to rationalize and communicate this internal struggle.
Conflict Management with the General: Sadao's interaction with the General also reveals his competence in navigating the complexities of his internal conflict. When the General, initially intent on killing the prisoner, forgets his promise due to his own health concerns, Sadao seizes the opportunity to secure the General's gratitude and loyalty. This showcases Sadao's ability to manage conflicting loyalties and manipulate the situation to his advantage, ensuring his own safety.
The Decision to Release Tom: Sadao's ultimate decision to help Tom escape reflects his competency to make difficult moral choices. Despite societal expectations and potential consequences, Sadao decides to release Tom, providing him with a boat and supplies to reach safety. This decision underlines Sadao's prioritization of humanity over blind allegiance to national identity. He chooses to save a life rather than succumb to the dehumanizing rhetoric of war.

In summary, Sadao's internal conflict in "The Enemy" is a testament to his competency in navigating complex moral decisions. His ability to balance personal ethics with national loyalty, justify his actions, and strategically manage conflicting allegiances showcases a nuanced and competent character who grapples with the moral complexities of war.

11. Read the given extracts to attempt the questions with reference to context. (1x6=6 marks)

The little old house was out with a little new shed

In front at the edge of the road where the traffic sped,

A roadside stand that too pathetically pled,

It would not be fair to say for a dole of bread,

But for some of the money, the cash, whose flow supports

The flower of cities from sinking and withering faint.

(i) Why was 'a little new shed' extended out the edge of the road?

(a) To encroach the extended space

(b) To promote their products

(d) None of these

(ii) Why was the roadside stand called 'pathetic'?

(a) Because it of the poor owners

(b) Because it was not attractive

(d) Because it was surrounded by dirt

(iii) What is meant by 'a dole of bread'?

(iv) Who made the roadside stand and where?

(a) The sarpanch made in the village

(b) The government made in the village

(d) The poor rural people made in the village

(v) Complete the analogy.

Piteously: pathetically:: _____________ : scornful

(vi) Complete the given sentence.

The rhyming scheme used in the given stanza is _________________ .

(i) Answer: (c) To grab the attention of the passers-by

(ii) Answer: (b) Because it was not attractive

(iii) Answer: "A dole of bread" refers to a small portion or charity of bread.

(iv) Answer: (d) The poor rural people made in the village

(v) Answer: Piteously: pathetically :: withering: scornful

(vi) Answer: The rhyming scheme used in the given stanza is AAAABC.

12. Zitkala-Sa's experience in 'Memories of Childhood' is that of a victim of racial discrimination. What kind of discrimination does Bama's experience depict? What are their responses to their respective situations?

Answer:

Zitkala-Sa's experience, as described in "Memories of Childhood," reflects the discrimination faced by Native Americans, specifically the attempts at forced assimilation and erasure of their cultural identity. The cutting of her long hair symbolizes a deliberate act to strip her of her cultural markers and assimilate her into Western norms, representing a form of cultural discrimination and suppression.

On the other hand, Bama's experience, as narrated in "We Too Are Human Beings," revolves around caste-based discrimination in India. Bama, belonging to a marginalized community, describes instances of untouchability and the dehumanizing practices associated with caste. The incident involving the elder and the vadais illustrates how deeply ingrained caste discrimination is, manifesting in social norms and interactions.

Their responses to these respective situations differ:

Zitkala-Sa:
- Resistance: Zitkala-Sa initially resists the forced assimilation by attempting to escape and hide. Her reluctance to conform to the cutting of her hair symbolizes her resistance to losing her cultural identity.
- Emotional Impact: Zitkala-Sa experiences profound sadness and a sense of loss after her hair is cut. The incident marks a significant emotional and cultural upheaval in her life.
Bama:
- Observation and Reflection: Bama reflects on the discriminatory practices she witnesses, such as the elder carrying vadais. She observes these incidents, leading to a growing awareness of the social injustices imposed by caste norms.
- Anger and Frustration: Bama responds with anger and frustration upon realizing the discriminatory beliefs held by the upper castes. The injustice of being treated as untouchable, despite being human, evokes strong emotions.

While Zitkala-Sa's narrative focuses on the suppression of Native American identity in the context of forced assimilation, Bama's narrative sheds light on the oppressive caste system in India and the dehumanization faced by those considered "untouchable." Both narratives highlight the resilience and resistance of individuals against systemic discrimination.

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13. What are phytoplankton? How are they important to our ecosystem?

Answer

Phytoplankton are microscopic, single-celled plants that drift in the upper layers of oceans and other bodies of water. These tiny organisms play a crucial role in the Earth's ecosystems, particularly in marine environments. Here's why phytoplankton are important:

Photosynthesis: Phytoplankton are primary producers that undergo photosynthesis, a process in which they use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and nutrients into organic compounds. This process releases oxygen into the atmosphere, contributing significantly to the planet's oxygen production.
Base of the Food Chain: Phytoplankton form the foundation of the marine food chain. They serve as the primary food source for various aquatic organisms, including zooplankton, small fish, and other marine creatures. As larger predators eat phytoplankton, the energy from these organisms moves up the food chain.
Carbon Sequestration: Phytoplankton play a vital role in the carbon cycle. Through photosynthesis, they absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and incorporate it into their cellular structures. When phytoplankton die or are consumed, the carbon they contain is either transferred up the food chain or sinks to the ocean floor, contributing to carbon sequestration.
Oxygen Production: As a result of photosynthesis, phytoplankton release oxygen into the water. This oxygen production is essential for supporting aerobic life in the oceans. In fact, it's estimated that about half of the world's oxygen comes from the ocean, with phytoplankton being a significant contributor.
Climate Regulation: Phytoplankton influence climate by playing a role in regulating carbon dioxide levels. By absorbing CO2, they help mitigate the impacts of climate change. Additionally, the sulphur compounds produced by some phytoplankton can influence cloud formation, affecting the Earth's albedo and, consequently, its temperature.
Economic Importance: Phytoplankton are economically important because they support fisheries and aquaculture. Many commercially valuable fish species rely on phytoplankton as a primary food source. Changes in phytoplankton abundance and distribution can impact fish populations and, consequently, fisheries.

Overall, phytoplankton are essential components of aquatic ecosystems, contributing to the health of the planet's oceans and playing a critical role in global biogeochemical cycles.

14. What is the meaning of the phrase "Grandeur of The Dooms"?

Ans. In the poem "A Thing of Beauty" by John Keats, the phrase "Grandeur of The Dooms" refers to the majestic and magnificent stories or visions associated with the fate or destiny of great individuals who have passed away. "Dooms" here does not necessarily imply negative or tragic outcomes; rather, it is used in the archaic sense to denote destiny or fate.

The poet suggests that the tales and imaginings about the "mighty dead" or illustrious figures from the past contribute to the beauty in the world. These stories are portrayed as part of the endless fountain of inspiration and wisdom that enriches our lives and pours down from the heavens, metaphorically adding to the beauty and joy in our existence.

15. What does "country money" exactly mean?

Ans. In the poem "A Roadside Stand" by Robert Frost, the term "country money" is used to refer to the local or rural currency, as opposed to the more widely accepted or mainstream currency used in cities. It suggests a form of economic or financial system specific to the rural or country setting.

The use of "country money" in the poem may convey a sense of isolation or economic marginalization experienced by the rural community. It could imply that the financial resources available in the countryside are limited, and the locals might not have access to the same economic opportunities or resources as those in more urbanized areas.

Additionally, the mention of "country money" could be a subtle critique of the disparity between rural and urban economies. The rural inhabitants, operating on a different scale of gain, might find it challenging to navigate or benefit from the broader economic systems at play in the cities. The poem portrays the struggle of the rural population seeking financial support and recognition from the more prosperous urban centres, emphasizing the economic divide between the two environments.

16. 'Lost Spring' and 'Indigo' bring out how the common man is a victim of exploitation. Explain.

Answer
"Lost Spring" by Anees Jung and the excerpt from "Indigo" by Louis Fischer both highlight the theme of the common man being a victim of exploitation, albeit in different contexts. Let's look at how these texts highlight the exploitation that common people experience:

Lost Spring:

Child Labor and Poverty:
- The story revolves around the life of children in Seemapuri, a place where families are engaged in recycling waste and producing springs for others.
- The children, particularly Saheb, are forced into child labour due to poverty and lack of opportunities. They are deprived of a normal childhood and education.
Exploitation in the Glass-Blowing Industry:
- The narrative depicts the harsh working conditions in the glass-blowing industry in Firozabad. Families are trapped in a cycle of poverty, working in hazardous conditions without adequate compensation.
- The glass-blowers live in impoverished conditions, contrasting sharply with the beauty of the glass bangles they produce.
Cycle of Poverty:
- The story highlights the perpetuation of poverty from one generation to another. Saheb's family, like many others, is caught in a cycle where limited opportunities lead to continued deprivation.
Inequality and Discrimination:
- The fact that Saheb and his family are not even considered residents reflects the societal discrimination and exploitation faced by migrants. They are denied basic amenities and rights.

Indigo:

Indentured Labor and Sharecropping:
- The excerpt discusses the exploitation of peasants in Champaran who are forced into indentured labour as sharecroppers, particularly for cultivating indigo.
- The landlords, mostly Englishmen, imposed oppressive agreements on the peasants, compelling them to surrender a significant portion of their land for indigo cultivation.
Unjust Landlord System:
- The landlords exploit the peasants through unjust land arrangements, taking advantage of their illiteracy and lack of awareness.
- The peasants are subjected to the whims of the landlords, who enforce cultivation contracts and benefit from the economic hardships of the sharecroppers.
Resistance and Civil Disobedience:
- The narrative brings out the theme of resistance, with Rajkumar Shukla seeking Gandhi's intervention to address the injustices faced by the peasants.
- Gandhi's involvement leads to civil disobedience, challenging the authority of British landlords and authorities, and empowering the peasants to resist exploitation.

Common Themes:

Economic Exploitation:
- Both stories depict the economic exploitation of the common man. Whether in the glass-blowing industry or the agricultural sector, poverty forces individuals and families into exploitative situations.
Social Injustice:
- The stories reveal the social injustices that result from economic exploitation. Discrimination, denial of basic rights, and the perpetuation of poverty create a cycle of exploitation.
Struggle for Rights:
- In both narratives, there is a struggle for rights. Whether it's Saheb's family in Seemapuri or the peasants in Champaran, the common people fight against oppressive systems to secure their basic rights and dignity.

In summary, "Lost Spring" and "Indigo" shed light on how the common man becomes a victim of exploitation, illustrating the various forms of economic, social, and political injustices that they endure.

17. After seeing off the enemy soldier, Dr. Sadao must have felt relieved. He was able to uphold the oath that he had taken as a doctor. Dr. Sadao made an entry into his daily diary explaining the dilemma faced by him and how he resolved it. Imagine yourself to be Dr. Sadao and express his thoughts. (You may begin like this : I was able to uphold the oath that I had taken as a doctor .... )

Answer

Date: 20.02,24

Tuesday

Dear Diary

Today marks an indelible chapter in my life, a moment where the tenets of my medical profession clashed vehemently with the allegiance to my nation. The throbbing pulse of duty as a healer wrestled with the stoic allegiance demanded by my country at war.

In the depths of night, with only the moon as a silent witness, I orchestrated the escape of the enemy soldier who had become an unintended guest in my home. His departure felt like a release, not only for him but for the weighted conscience that had borne the burden of a moral quandary.

The pages of my diary must bear witness to the internal struggle that unfolded within me. The conflict between Hippocratic principles and the unrelenting demands of wartime patriotism created a tumultuous battlefield in my soul. As a surgeon, I have sworn to preserve life, and yet, my actions defied the prevailing ethos of loyalty to the nation.

The decision to aid the enemy's escape was not a surrender to sentimentality; rather, it was a testament to my unwavering commitment to the sanctity of life. In the tapestry of my thoughts, the threads of personal ethics and professional duty interwove, creating a narrative that defied the rigid contours of national loyalty.

Yet, despite the relief that accompanies a moral victory, shadows of doubt loom. What consequences will befall my family and me if the clandestine departure of the American soldier is discovered? The delicate equilibrium between my role as a healer and a patriot remains in jeopardy, and only time will unveil the ramifications of this ethical odyssey.

As I close the chapter on tonight's clandestine escapade, I am left grappling with the haunting question: Was my decision an act of defiance or an affirmation of humanity? Only the unfurling days will provide answers, and the weight of this moral choice will continue to shape the contours of my conscience.

- Dr. Sadao Hoki

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18. Both Bama and Zitkala Sa experienced the harsh reality of discrimination in their childhood. Instead of letting it pull them down, they both found a way to overcome it. You wish to include a cameo of both in your upcoming blog post. As a part of the research, compare and contrast the experiences faced by the two and their response/s to these experiences.

Cameo refers to a brief appearance or a small role played by a famous person in a movie, TV show, or other forms of media. It is usually a cameo appearance in which the celebrity plays a character who is not important to the plot. Cameos can also refer to small appearances by celebrities in music videos, commercials, or other forms of entertainment.]
Answer
Both Bama and Zitkala-Sa endured the harsh realities of discrimination during their childhood, yet their experiences were shaped by distinct cultural contexts. Below is a comparison and contrast of the experiences faced by the two women and their responses to the challenges of discrimination:
Zitkala-Sa's Experience:
Cultural Background: Zitkala-Sa, an American Indian woman born in the late 19th century, faced discrimination in the context of European colonization and the forced assimilation of Native American children into Western culture.
Forced Assimilation: Zitkala-Sa's narrative revolves around her enrolment in a residential school where her Native American identity was suppressed. The cutting of her long hair symbolizes the loss of cultural identity and the imposition of Western norms.
Resistance: Zitkala-Sa resisted assimilation and struggled against the oppressive environment. She used her writing under the pen name "Zitkala-Sa" to denounce the Indian school and speak out against the injustice that her people were subject to.

Bama's Experience:

Caste Discrimination: Bama, a Dalit woman from a Tamil family, experienced discrimination in the context of India's caste system, which perpetuated social hierarchies and untouchability.
Everyday Humiliations: Bama's narrative includes instances of everyday humiliations, such as an elder from her community being careful not to touch a packet of snacks meant for an upper-caste landlord, highlighting the deeply ingrained caste-based prejudices.
Educational Empowerment: Bama's response to discrimination involved a strong emphasis on education. Her elder brother's advice to study hard and excel academically was a means of challenging societal norms and gaining respect through personal achievements.

Commonalities:

Resilience: Both Zitkala-Sa and Bama demonstrated resilience in the face of discrimination. Despite the challenges, they found ways to resist and overcome the injustices imposed upon them.
Cultural Preservation: While the nature of discrimination differed, both women sought to preserve and reclaim their cultural identities. Zitkala-Sa did so through her writings that critiqued the erasure of Native American culture, and Bama through her determination to break free from caste-based limitations and pursue education.

Contrasts:

Cultural Context: Zitkala-Sa's experience was shaped by the colonization of Native American lands and the forced assimilation policies, whereas Bama's experience was rooted in the rigid caste system of India.
Forms of Discrimination: Zitkala-Sa faced the erasure of her cultural practices and language, while Bama encountered untouchability and explicit caste-based restrictions.
Responses: Zitkala-Sa's response involved vocal criticism and resistance through her writings, while Bama's response focused on education as a means of empowerment and breaking free from societal limitations.

The inclusion of both Bama and Zitkala-Sa in the blog post provides a nuanced understanding of the diverse manifestations of discrimination and the resilience exhibited by individuals from marginalized communities in different cultural contexts.

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